|
The Diet of Hungary or originally: Parlamentum Publicum / Parlamentum Generalye〔András Gergely, Gábor Máthé: The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe (published in 2000)〕 ((ハンガリー語:Országgyűlés)) was a legislative institution in the medieval kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s,〔Elemér Hantos: The Magna Carta Of The English And Of The Hungarian Constitution (1904)〕 and in its successor states, Royal Hungary and the Habsburg kingdom of Hungary throughout the Early Modern period. The name of the legislative body was originally "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, the "Diet" expression gained mostly in the Early Modern period.〔Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen Brabourne (4th Baron): The political evolution of the Hungarian nation: (Volume I. in 1908)〕 It convened at regular intervals with interruptions during the period of 1527 to 1918, and again until 1946. The articles of the 1790 diet set out that the diet should meet at least once every 3 years, but, since the diet was called by the Habsburg monarchy, this promise was not kept on several occasions thereafter. As a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, it was reconstituted in 1867. The Latin term ''Natio Hungarica'' ("Hungarian nation") was used to designate the political elite which had participation in the diet, consisting of the nobility, the Catholic clergy, and a few enfranchised burghers,〔John M. Merriman, J. M. Winter, Europe 1789 to 1914: encyclopedia of the age of industry and empire, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 140, ISBN 978-0-684-31359-7〕〔Tadayuki Hayashi, Hiroshi Fukuda, Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: past and present, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2007, p. 158, ISBN 978-4-938637-43-9〕 regardless of language or ethnicity.〔(Katerina Zacharia, Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity ), Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008, p. 237 ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0〕 Natio Hungarica was a geographic, institutional and juridico-political category.〔http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/transy/transy05.htm〕 ==Development== Some researchers have traced the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies as far back as the 11th century. This based on documentary evidence that, on certain occasions under the reigns of King Ladislaus I and King Coloman “the Book lover”, assemblies were held on a national scale where both ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries made appearances.〔Dr. Zoltán SZENTE: The Historic Origins of the National Assembly in Hungary| ()〕 The first written mention of Hungarian Parliament originated under King Andrew II with the Golden Bull of 1222, which reaffirmed the rights of the smaller nobles of the old and new classes of royal servants (servientes regis) against both the crown and the magnates, and to defend the rights of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and legalizing refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the "''ius resistendi''"). The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the Hungarian Diet. An institutionalized Hungarian parliament emerged during the 14th and 15th centuries. Under King Charles I, and still under King Matthias I, the Diet was essentially convened by the king to announce his decisions, and had no significant power of its own. In 1492 the Diet limited the serfs' freedom of movement and expanded their obligations while a large portion of peasants became prosperous because of cattle export to the West. Rural discontent boiled over in 1514 when well-armed peasants preparing for a crusade against Turks rose up under György Dózsa. Shocked by the peasant revolt, the Diet of 1514 passed laws that condemned the serfs to eternal bondage and increased their work obligations. When King Vladislaus II died in 1516, a royal council appointed by the Diet ruled the country in the name of his ten-year-old son, King Louis II (1516–26). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Diet of Hungary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|